Flying-machine.



. J. WALSH.

FLYING MACHINE.

1111110111011 11mm ma. 1, 1911.

J. WALSH'.

'FLYING MACHINE. APPLMMTION FILED 1119.1, 1911. v Patented May 7,1912.

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J. WALsg. FLYING MACHINE.

ARPLIOATION FILED AUG. 1, 1911.

a u vanto@ J. WALSH.

FLYING MACHINE.

APPLICATION FILED AUG.1, 1911.

Patented May 7, 191.2.

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8 14 pento@ J. WALSH.

` vFLYING MACHINE.

APPLICATION FILED AUG. 1, 1911.

1,025,891 Patented May 7, 1912.

14 SHEETS-SHEET 5.

y J. WALSH.

FLYING MACHINE.

APPLIGATION FILED AUG. 1. 1911.

Patented May 7, 1912.

14 SHEETS-SHEET 6.

Fly 16.

J. WALSH.

FLYING MACHINE. APPLICATION FILED 1111111, 1911.

Patented May 7, 1912.

14 SHEETS-SHEET 7.

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J. WALSH.

FLYING MAGHINE. A APPLIoATIoN FI'LBD Amm, 1911.

Patented May 7, 1912.

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J. WALSH.

FIF. 6

FLYING MACHINE.

APPLIOATION FILED AUG.1, 1911.

Patented MayA 7, 1912.

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AJ. WALSH. FLYING MACHINE.

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J. WALSH.

FLYING MACHINE.

APPLIUATION FILED .11111.1, 1911,

1,025,891. l Patented May 7, 1912.

14 SHEETS-SHEET 11.

J. WALSH.

lFLYING MACHINE. APPLIUATION FILED AUG. 1, 1911.

Patented. May 7, 1912.

14 SHEETS-SHEET 13.

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To all whom/it may concern.'

UN1TED STATES l'I'JA'QITENT OFFICE.

JAMES WALSH, OFNORTHFILLD, MINNESOTA, AssIGNoR 'ro JOSEPH II. nAUN'r, or MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA, ANn JOHN A. WALSH, or 4NoIurHrIELn, MINNEsorA.

f FLYING-MACHINE.

' Be it known that I, JAMES "WALSH, a cit-izen of the United States, residing at Northfield, inthe county of Rice and State of Minnesota, have invented a new and useful Flying-Machine, of which the following is a specification.

The following is a brief statement of the features which applicant desires to incorporate in the invention of a `flying machine: (1) Natural stability. (2) Eiiicient balancing surfaces. (3) Means to prevent unbalancing due to a change in the velocity of the machine relative to the supporting fluid. (4) A system of ailerons to preclude unbal- (5) Simultaneously operable automatic and manual control. (6) Increase of rate of operation of t-he automatic means for excessive unbalaucing. (7) Means to save the life of the aviator and also to save the machine in case of loss of control.

The manner in which the invention -is carried out in order to embody the above features, and to attain the main objects sought, which are eliiciency in iight and safety.l is described in what follows.

Referring to the drawings: Figure 1 shows a plane in whichf the cen-ter of gravity is located in the plane. Fig. 2 shows a plane in which the center of gravity is located at some-'distance below the plane. Fig. 3 shows the center of gravity located below the plane and 'the center of oscillation in the plane. Fig. 4 is a section along the line 1*-1 of Fig. 7 to show the curvature of the main plane at the middle. Fig.4 5 is a section along the line 2.-2 of Fig. 7 to show the curvature of the main plane near its ends. Fig. 6 shows the movable partsof the main plane and connections for operating the same'. Fig. '7 shows the stationary orsupport-ing section of the main plane. Fig. 8 is an elevation showing the right handaileron of Fig. 6, in

detail. Fig. 9 is a plan viewof the aileron. Fig. 10 is a cross section through the body of the machine on the line 1 -4 of Fig. 11.

Fig. 11 is a section on the longitudinal center line of the'body of the machine. Fig. 12

is a detail ,view`showiug one end of the engine supporting shaft, the mechanism which releases the engine supporting means, and the mechanism which is operated manually to increase the area of the plane. Fig. 13Lis a section o'n the line 5-L5 of Fig. 12. Fig. la shows the releasing dog which releases vSpecification of Letters Patent.

gravity,

Patented May 7, 1912.

Application led August 1, 1911. Serial No. 641,859.

the parachute cord. Fig. 15 is a section on the line 66 of Fig. 14. Fig. 16 is a detail in plan showing the structure for increasing the area of the main plane. Fig. 17 is an elevational view of the structure shown in extensible part of the pla-ne. Fig. 19 shows aplan View of the parachute folded in inoperative position in the plane. Fig. 20 is a central sectional view of the parachute shown in Fig. 19. CFig. 21 is a sectional view Aof the parachute cap. Figs. 22 and 24 are details showing'the sliding connection of the parachute ribs. Fig. 23 is a vertical section of the device which holds the supporting and releasing cords ofthe parachute. Fig. 25 is a horizontal section on the line 7-7 of Fig. 23. Fig. 26 is a view showing the parachute open, part of the fabric being removed. Fig. 27 is a view longitudinally ofthe 'ma chine showing the motor in lowered position and the balancing fins drawn down. ,Fig. 28

Vis a detail showing further the meansifor lowering the balancing fins, and is Aon a smaller scale than Fig. 27 and in a direction at rightangles thereto. Fig. 29 is an elevation of t-he rudder and operating mechanism therefor.' Fig. 30 is a plan view of the same. Fig. 31 is a detail on the line 8-8 of Fig. 30.' Fig. 32 shows the steering post on a largei scale, Figs. 33 and 34 are respectively diagrammatic elevation and, ,plan views of the frame of the machine. Fig. y35 is an elevation showing the application of extensible ailerons to a biplane. Fig. 36 is a section on the line 9 9 of Fig. 35. Figs. 37 and 38 are respectively details lin elevation and plan showing the aileron structure. Fig. 39 shows a'sect-ion through the valve in the gasolene P1P@ When a-gust of wind strikes an aeroplane,

tation about this point the greater the stability of the structure. If we assume that rotation takes place labout the center of it will be clear from an inspection of Figs. 1 and 2 that the reatest resistance.

to rotation would be `o ered in the case where thecenter of gravity lies in the plane, that the resistance to rotation decreases as the center of gravity is lowered, and that for Ysa 35 y l -in order that the supporting force of the sllght disturbances since Vthe plane moves at first almost' edge on against the air and offers very small resistance. The assumption that4 the structure rotates about the center of gravity, would be however true only for innitely large velocity, -which wou d make the inertia of the weight of the machine infinite and hence the center of avity would be fixed vfrom motion out orthe line of flight. In the design of this machine it is assumed that the machine when thrown out of balance under favorable conditions oscillates as a pendulum, that is, it will gyrate about a center of oscillation which is distant from the center of gravity of the distance between the center of gravity and the center of pressure on the plane. The machine is arranged so as to-bring this center of oscillation in the supporting plane lso as to make the machine as stable as possible.

In Fig. 3, G represents the center of gravity, O the center of oscillation and P the center of pressure on each wing of the machine. The distance X=%(X+Y) and the distance Y= ?;(X-Y).

' 'Referring to' Figs. 4 and 5, it will be noted that the plane has considerably greater curvatureand depth at the center of the machine than at the ends. It is given,

greater depth at the center to keep the center of pressure on each wing of the machine as near the longitudinal center of the machine as possible, and greater curvature is required central part may be 1n proportion to the I depth; The idea aimed at is to make the supporting force of the p art near the longiio tudinal center line as large as possible in proportion to the total'sust-aining force, since the unbalancing moment of an unbalanced pressure at either side on the plane is thus decreased, for thenearer the center of pressure on either side of the machine is to the longitudinal center line lof the machine the less will be a moment of a disturbing force, and hence thegreater the stability. The 4front vpart of the'plane is wedge shape to conform to the direction given to the air currents after impingement upon the front edge, so as to prevent eddies `1n the air due to the formation of a vacuum on either surface. The surface of the plane and ailerons is preferably aluminum sheet.

The machine comprises the following parts, the detailed description and mode of operation of which will be fully described hereinafter. The main plane is rotatably mounted to turn about an axis 34near its front edge, .said axis being transverse to the plane. The rear edge of the plane is held down bythe action of springs 58 and is adapted to be 4raised by the action of the wind pressure upon the plane. At the ends theplane is provided with extensible ailerons 2 3, sald ailerons being operated by cords which extend to a combined pendulumz and, manually operated device, com' prising a seat 38 and steering post 159 carried thereby. Along the rear edge of the plane adjacent to the ailerons 2 3 are flexile ailerons 4 5 saidJ ailerons being interconnected with ailerons 2-3 in such a manner, that extension or contraction of the surfaces 2-3 causes a warping of the surfaces 4 5 either upward or downward. To the rear of the central part of the lane are cur-r tains 6 7 which are operated) by the raising or `lowering of the rear edge of the plane. All chan es in direction of Hightare accom lished y a single horizontal rudder, whic upon its sidewise movement is canted to the horizontal and thus acts some= what as a vertical rudder. The engine is mounted so that it may be lowered from the body of the machine, and suspended from points at the front rear and sides of the machine; the release of the engine being accomplished by the operator pressing upon the foot pedals 23-23. Simultaneously with the lowering of the engine, side fins 136 are drawn down, and a collapsible parachute 100, normally held down upon the plane, is released. At the front of the machine is carried a propeller.

Referring to Fig. 6 there are shown extensible ailerons 2 and 3 one at each end of the plane, iexible ailerons 4 and 5 one at each side of the machine, and to the rear and nearer to thecenter than the lailerons 4 and 5 and extensible curtains 6 and 7 one on each side` of the machine and to the rear and nearer to the center than the ailerons 4 and 5. The specific structure and complete operation of the several described later but the connectlons, and relations, and the functions of the arrangement are described in connection with Fig. 6 as follows The front movable edgeof the aileron 2 is connected toA the front or movable edge of aileron 3 by a cord 8 which runs as follows Forwardly from the edge of aileron 2 overa pulley 9 on the frame work at the end ofthe plane thence over a pulley 10 on the pivot of the front edge of aileron 2 thence along the plane to a point near the middle, thence downwardly and .over a pulley 11 on the floor of the car l aileron 3. A cord 8 runs similarly for- Wardly fromthe movable edge of aileron 3 and connectsto the movable ed e of aileron 2 from the rear. The parts o the connections 8 and 8 -which run along the bottom of the car at the middle of the machine, conparts will be f gether they form a system .which is .respon sist of sprocket chains as hereinafter de scribed. The ailerons 2 and 3 have normally a considerable angle of incidence, so that there is a force tending tov` force the front edges of those ailerons f rearwardly. The cords 8 and 8 are free to draw back and forth when the machine is at or near balanced position and thus'the effective area of the ailerons is varied to keep the pressure at the two ends of the' plane equal. The flexible aileron 4 is connected to the aileron 2 as follows: A cord 14 is connected to several points on the rear edge of aileron 4, runs thence forwardly above thev plane and over a pulley 15 on the toplofthe pivot post for aileron 2 thence outwardly overa pulley 16 on the frame work of the plane and thence rearwardly to the movable edge of aileron 2. A cord 17 is connected likewise to severalpoints on the rear edge of aileron 4, thence forwardly underneath the plane, over a pulley 18 on the lower end ofl the pivot post of aileron 2, thence rearwardly and over a pulley 19 on the rear of the framework at the end ofthe lane'and forwardly to the movable edge lo the aileron 2. The connections of the yaileron 5 to aileron 3 is similar. The connections 14 and 17 may have springs inserted therein or the ailerons 4 and 5 may be made sufficiently flexible of themselves. The operation of the ailerons 4 and 5 is as follows. Supposing the movable edge of the aileron 2 to move back about its pivot due to `an increase in pressure at that end then the cord 14 of the machine is drawn upon and aileron 4 raised at its rear edge.l Simultaneously the front edge of aileron 3 is moved forwardly through the connection 8 which movement draws upon the cord 17 and draws down the aileron 5 at the rear. ln like manner a change in pressure upon the ailerons 4 and 5. causes a change in the position of ailerons 2 and 3. Thus it is seen that the functions of thetwo sets of ailerons are supplementary to each other and that tosive to changes in `pressure in the neighborhood of either end of the plane and thus' unbalancing is prevented if the disturbing force be not too violent. .'Ih'e extensible curtains 6 and 7 can be operated either manually vor automatically. The manual means only is shown in Fig. 6. Cords 20 and 20 are connected to the rear edge of Athe cur` tains, and run rearwardly over pulleys 21, 21 and thence forwardly under pulleys 22, 22 on the ioor of the machine and thence over drums 60 (Figs. 11 and l12) Iwhich drums are operated by the operator pressing upon foot pedals 23 and 23.v The curtains can be operated independently manually of course and can in this way be used to balance the'machine, but their primary purposes are as lhereinafter decribed to.

allow the supporting area of the plane to change with the speed, and'to be fully eX- tended and give a parachutic effect in descent.

In Figs. 8 and 9 which show the structure of the ailerons more in detail there is shown the conical s ring roller 24,- upon which the aileron is ro led, said roller being mounted" yat its front and rear ends in .the front and rear edges of the plane. The front edge of the aileron is mounted to turn upon a post -25 which has an external spiral 2.6 thereon to engage an internal spiral on the hub 28 of the movable edge 27. Therefore, when the movable ed e of the aileron is moved forwardly it wi also move upwardly, thus causing to take place simultaneously a change in thejare'a of the aileron and a ,change in the angle of incidence. The outer end of the edge 27 runs between guides 29. The up er and lower ends of the post 25 carry pu leys as described in connect-ion, with In Figs. 10 and 11 there is'attempted to show the automatic mechanism for working the ailerons and for causing vthe area of the planeto vary with the speed in this case meaning the velocity of the machine relative to the supporting iuid. Certain of the ribs inthe aeroplane body extend vertically above the top of the car and carry bearings at their upper ends, these ribs being shown at 31, 32 and 33 in Fig. 11. The bearings 35 on the extensions ofy rib 32 carry a shaft 34 rigid therewith, upon which shaft is rigidly mounted a support 37 on which a seat 38 is pivoted at 39. The bottom of the seat carries a bracket 44 which forms a bearing for a shaft 45 having a head 46. The shaft 45 carries sprocket wheels 47 and 48 and a pinion 47. The pinion 47 meshes with the teeth of an yarcuate rack, which is part of a rack and guide arrangement 40 vcarried by rib 32 at the bottom of the car.' The rack bar is devoid of "teeth for a short distance on each side of its middle. The guide 43 is to guide the sprocket chains 50 which form the f ore and aft portions of the aileron connect-ions 8 and 8', and which run one on each side of, and both normally inengage'- v ment with the sprocket 47. During the swinging of the seat to either side'only one chain 50 is in engagement with the sprocket 47 and that one is free todraw fore and aft, until the machine reaches such a state of unbalance as to bring t4-he pinion' in Contact with the teeth of the rack. Up to this p'oint the operation of the ailerons is comparatively slow and is due to the kinking of the fore and aft extending connection, but when the pinion comes into engagement with the rack the rate of operation is greatly increased, since the pinion 47 is small in comparison `to the sprocket wheel 47, which"Iv operation of the automatic means can be modified manually to suit the aviator by turning the jsteering post 159 which` is 4mounted in the foot platform of the seat 38"and has asprocket gear 48 on its lower end uwhichis connected by a sprocket chain 49 to a sprocket wheel 48 rigid with the shaft 45, The,aviator can by this means increase'or decrease the rate of the automatic operation oi* reverse the direction of `operation if desired. The front edge of the plane is carried by brackets 36 which have bear-V ings loosely mounted upon a' shaft 34 rigidly carried in bearings in the extensions of rib 31. The rear of the plane is supported at its middle by a rod 51 which has a head 52 on its lower end, said head being free to slide up and down in a slot in a bracket 53 carried by the-rib 33 in the bottom of the car. Said rib 33' has bearings 57 at its upper ends 'in which is rotatably mounted a shaft 56, whichv carries a pinion meshing with a rack 54 on supporti1ig-rod 51. Near 25....each end the shaft 56 carries rigidly with it lmachine strike a point in its course where the air pressure upon the plane suddenly decreases due to4 cross or counter currents and which constitutes a change in the speed of the machine relative to the supporting iuid,

that immediately the rear of the plane will be lowered to increase the angle of incidence andthe area of the plane will be gine is released from the, body of the masimultaneously increased which operations counteract the danger of sudden drops and cdnsequent unbalancing due thereto. Figs. 1-1 and 12 also show means whereby the enchine and becomes suspended from four points on the machine as shown in Figs. 27 and 28. Referring to Fig. 1-1 it will be noted that the part of the car bottom to which the engine-is attached, isseparate from' the remainder of the bottom and forms a sort of a door in the bottom of the car. The engine 68 is supported from a shaft 62 which is, mounted to turn infbearings 63, at each side of the machine, said bearings being carried at theupper 'endsl of vertical supports 64, whichjare mounted tothe car bottom. Only one-half of the-shaft 62 is shown in Fig. 12' but theother part, and the associated mechanism, is exactly the same. Said shaft 62 carries slotted bracket-s 71 rigid,

therewith. The engine .has suporting brackets 69 at each side and the brac ets 69 have pins 70 at their upper ends which project through the slots 1nthe brackets 71. Mounted near each end of the shaft 62 are dogs 74 which have projections 76 which normally engage brackets 84 as shown in detail in Fig. 13. The brackets 84 are rigid with shaft 62 which is thus held in posi- -tion so as to support the'engine. The supports 64 have bearings 63 in which rotate sleeves 61 mounted upon shaft 62 and which sleeves are connected to the foot pedals 23 and 23 by links 66. The sleeves 61 carry drums 60 rigid therewith upon which run branches of the cords 20 and 20', those branches also being numbered 20 and 20. It will be noted that pressure u on the foot pedals 23 or 23 winds the cor s 20 or 20 upon the drums 60, and thus draws out the extensible curtains. In this connection the dog 74 requires further description. In Fig. 12 there is shown a spring 8O which normally keeps the projection 76 in contact with the bracket 84. This sprin has also the function of holdingr one end o the parachuterope 81 which rope extends transversely across the machine an end being held in a recess 79 at each side as here described. The rigid shaft 73 upon which the dog 74 is mounted to turn carries a rigid sleeve which has a projection having a .recessed face.- Part of the dog extends over this sleeve and the edge of this part is recessed and since the s ring 80 tends to rotate the dog 74 in the irection of the arrow it is scent-hat the rope 81 will be firmly held in the recess 79 formed between the adjacent recessed faces. The dog 74 also has a projection through which the cord 20 runs. The cord 2O has a stop 82 thereon, said stop having a hook 83 thereon. The stop is arranged to come in contact with the projection 75 when the curtains are extended to almost their full extent. When the aviator wishes to abandon the machine he presses the foot edals down as far as they will o. This'action draws the stop 82 against t e projection 75 which rotates the dog 73 to lower the engine, and, release theparachute as Amore fully described hereinafter. The extensible curtains are maintained in extended position by the hook 83 on stop 82 which engages ythe projection 75 when the stop 82 is brought in contact therewith. The extensible curtains as shownin Figs. 16 and 17 are carried' 4on spring rollers 89 which are mounted adjacent the rear edge of the plane. The ends of movable edge 96 run in 'downward curved guides, 90, 91, which project rearwardly and together with a transverse member 91 form a framework for the extensible-parts. The operating rods 93 for the curtains are mounted at their inner ends to rotate` uponposts 94 fixedly mounted on the rear ed e of the plane and havin external spira s 95 which engage interna spi- I ralson the hubs of the operating rods. It

' and thence forwardly tothe operating means as already described. The operating rods 93 have pivoted in their ends lat 98 open sleeves 97 which slide on the movable edge 96 of the extensible curtain.

'The parachute 100 when in inoperative position iits down inside a confining rim 101 in the supporting' plane and its 'upper surface-forms the upper surface of the plane within the space which it occupies. The under surface of that partof the plane is formed by a framework consisting of a rim 103 and supporting rods 102, which framework is covered with the same material as the rest of the plane. The diameter of the rim 103 is somewhat greater than lthe longest diameter of the aviator so that the aviator may make his egress therethrough. The space inside the rim 103 is not covered with fabric, but the parachute-cordretaining device which has a rim 104 fits loosely inside the rimv 103. TheA parachute is constructed of fabric 110, rim 108 and ribs109inside and outside of the fabric; both ribs and rim` being collapsible as here explained'. Referring to Figs. 22 and 24 it will be seen that the connect-ion is formed by a widening of the ends ofthe ribs where the connection is to be made, the widened end then being bent around the body of the other part of the rib as shown at 120 and 121. The length of the ribs is vabout twice the-diameter of Vthe parachute ad when collapsed upon themselves one-h lfv of the ribslidesalong the other half. The central part of the parachute is surmounted' by a cap 117, be-

tween 'the flanges 112, 115 of which, the

inner edge of the fabric 110 of the parachute is held. The lower flange 112 has a downwardly extendingl projection" throughv the openings of which the inner ribs 109 are guided, and upwardly extending projection 113 which supports a rim 114. The upper flange has upwardly extending projections `116 which carry a rim to which the retarder surface 117 is attached. The cord 81 is con- Vnected to the retarder 117, and normally holds the parachute collapsed against the action of the rods 118 which are hingedly mounted upon the frame of the plane and have helical springs 119 connected thereto, said springs tending to raise the rods 118 and thus erect the parachute. It will be noted by reference to Fig. 21 that the rods 118 have bent ends and as they `raise the parachute when it is released they will also maintain it directly' over the opening in the plane until it is fully open and the aviator is ready to ascend, the rods are then at such an an le as to allow their disengagement from t e cap 111, and they are then drawn back out of the path of the ascending para'- chute by the springs V1&19. lWires 119 are connected to the fabric of the parachute so as to retain it as a smooth surface when in folded condition.

The supporting cords 125 for the parachute are connected to the rim of the parachute at one endl and to the rim 104 at Idie other. lWhen the parachute is folded the supporting cords 125 are heldtaut extending from the rim 1 08 through openings between rims 103 .and 104, thence through a retaining device 107 and back to the rim 104. The manner of operation of the retaining device is as follows z-The lower part 107 has a hollow, slidable` but non-rotatable shaft 126 extending therethrough and has at its upper end a cap 123 which is free to rotate upon the shaft 126. Projections 122 on the part 107Y having recessed faces extending upward adjacent to and between projections 124 hav` ing recessed faces carried by the cap. The upper part of 1'07 is recessed and the circumference of the recess has teeth 127. The lower part of part of the cap 123 is also rei cessed and the circumference-of the recess has teeth 128. Rotatably but non-slidably .mounted upon shaft 126 is a member 129 having teeth 130. When the teeth of the member 129 are in engagement with the teeth of both 107 and 123 it is in holding position and the ropes 125 and 81 are all held securely in between the faces 122, 124. On

4the top of the cap 123 is a helical spring 131' which engages a cap on the top of the shaft 126 and tends to force the shaft 126 upwardly, the shaft being held down by the stopA 132 on the cord 81. When cord 81 is released by the dogs 74 the spring 131 forces the"shaft 126' upwardly which brings the teeth Vof members 129 out of engagement with the teeth, onV member 107, and the spiral spring 133 which is vconnected to the wall of the recess in cap 123 at one end and to the non-rotatable shaft 126 at the other, causes the cap to rotate in direction of the arrow in Fig.

25 and thus frees the cords which thenl al- `lows the parachute to rise. If the spiral spring 133 should failkto work the cord 81 in being drawn out of its retaining recess would turn .the cap 123 and thus free the other Lcords 125. The aviators harness may be connected to the cords 134 by connectors 135. i In Figs. 27 and 28 where the motor is shown in lowered position, it vwill be noted that the points of support for .the motor in this position are at the front and rear ends of the machine and at points about one half? way out upon Ithewings of the plane. The drums upon which the supporting 1cords are wound have springs 145 which are fastened at one end to the mounting 142 of the drum shaft and at the other end to the drum itself,

said springs acting against the tension of the cords and lowering the motor without shock and resiliently supporting it in lowered position. The drums connected to the lateral supporting cords 137, 138 consist of a drum 143the same'size asfthe other drums 143 and connected thereto isanother drum 144which iis about twice the circumference ofl drum 143. When the -motor is in its normal position in the machine it will be noted in-Fig. 33 that Ithe side tins 136 are inposition against the lower surface of the plane. These fins are so held by the' cords .138 which are attached to the inner ends of the fins, are roven through rings 139 on the plane a 'short distance from the inner ends of the ns and extend downwardly to the drums 144.- Now when the motor begins to lower upon release the cord 138 is paidoif of the drum 144 at about twice the rate at which the cord 137 is paid olf of the drum 143 thus allowing the fins 136 to comeinto lowered position as the motor is lowered.

The object of lowering the motor is to bring the machine b ack to righted position, since the motor will befsupported almost entirely by the part of the machine which is above the level. The ins prevent side skidding and together with the extensible curtains give .the plane a -parachutic effect. The openlng in the bottom' of the cai` due to the -dropping of the motor and the opening in thereon to engage correspon ing internal spirals on the hubs of the supporting edges.

The two parts 146 and 147, slide upon each other to collapse, their rear. edges being slidably connected as shown in Fig. 31.' A

spring 158 holds the rudder normally in'a partially collapsed position. The rudder post 153 is fixed in a'shaft 154 which is rotat-ably mounted in bearings 155 in the rear The rudder is operated laterally erid of the body frame work. The rudder 1s operated verticall by cords 161 which run fromthe top an bottom of the rudder post to a collar 160 on the steering ost 159. y cords 164, which extend laterally from a collar 4163 on steering post 159, are trained over pulleys 165 on the frame of the machine run rearwardly over pulleys 166 on the shaft 154, and branch olf at 167, one branch running directly to the near edge of the rudder '168 and the other normally slack branch Arunning under apulley 171 on a frame 170 which projects downwardly from the near edge and thence said second branch extends across underneatlnthe surface of the rudder and is connected to 'the far Aedge at 169. Pushing the steering post fore and aft raises or lowersv the rudder. When the steering post is moved sidewise it draws first upon the branch of the cord which is connected at 168, until the rudder is expanded, when the loose branch of the cord is drawn taut,

and the two parts of the rudder move together about the post 153. The spirals 156 and 157 being of opposite pitch will result in oppositevvertical movements being irnparted to the edges 151 and 152 when rotated about the post so that the rudder will be warped and thus be effective in steering the machine in a vertical plane when it is moved laterally. The spirals are of such pitch that the advancing edge of the rudder will be raised while the trailin edge will be lowered upon rotation in either direction. I

v The steering post 159, which is also rotated to manually operate the ailerons is universally A mounted upon the shaft 172. Clamped to the top of shaft 172 is a hollow casing 173, dome shaped and open at the top. Near the bottom of this casing a ring 175 is mounted to turn in trunnions 176 and the shaft 178 of the steering post is mounted on trunnions 177 which have their bearings in ring 1,75 at right angles to the trunnions 176. The top surface of the casing 175 is knurled or has projections raised thereon as is likewise the bottom surface of a coacting member which forms the expanded ,lower end of a sleeve 179 which slides on the shaft 178. The sleeve is normally pressed down by a spring 181 andthe surface 180 is held in engagement with the surface of the casing 173, in which position the steering post is rigidly lheld from motion in any direction except about its axis. To raise the sleeve and unlock the joint there is provided a dog 184 at the top of the steering wheel to which is pivotally connected a rod 185 which extends downward through a hollow in the top part of the shaft 17 8. A pin 182 extends through the top ofv the sleeve 179 and also through a slot 183 in shaft 178, the slot 183 being of Width to allow the pin to move up and down therein. The lowerend of rod 185 connects with in 182, so that'in pulling the tail of the og 184 down the sleeve is drawn up through bi-plane the principal difference would be in 

